The GENIUS Act isn’t just another piece of legislation-it’s the first time the U.S. government has laid down clear, binding rules for stablecoins meant to be used as money. Signed into law on July 18, 2025, this law changes everything for anyone who wants to issue, hold, or use a stablecoin in America. No more guesswork. No more patchwork rules. Just one federal standard that says: if you’re issuing a stablecoin, you must play by these rules-or don’t play at all.
What Exactly Is a Payment Stablecoin Under the GENIUS Act?
The law doesn’t cover all digital assets. It targets one specific type: payment stablecoins. These are digital tokens designed to act like cash. They’re meant to be used for everyday transactions-buying coffee, paying rent, sending money to family. To qualify, a stablecoin must do three things: it must be redeemable for a fixed amount of U.S. dollars (or equivalent), it must maintain that value at all times, and its issuer must promise to pay you back one dollar for every token you hold.
This is different from crypto tokens that fluctuate in price. The GENIUS Act doesn’t care about Bitcoin or Ethereum. It only cares about tokens that are supposed to be as stable as a dollar bill. That’s why it’s called a payment stablecoin. It’s not for speculation. It’s for spending.
Who Can Issue Stablecoins Now?
Before the GENIUS Act, anyone with a website and a smart contract could launch a stablecoin. Now? Only institutions that are already regulated as banks or approved by the Federal Reserve can issue them.
The law says issuers must be one of these:
- Insured depository institutions (like banks or credit unions)
- Bank subsidiaries
- Nonbank financial firms that get special approval from the Federal Reserve
No more anonymous crypto startups. No more offshore entities. If you’re not a regulated financial institution with a track record of compliance, you can’t issue a payment stablecoin in the U.S. anymore. This is a huge shift. It means companies like Circle (issuer of USDC) or Tether (issuer of USDT) had to restructure entirely to meet these requirements. They now operate through federally chartered subsidiaries.
Reserves Must Be 1:1-And They Must Be Audited
One of the biggest fears about stablecoins has always been: What if they don’t have enough money to back them? The GENIUS Act shuts that down.
Every stablecoin issued must be backed by reserves equal to 100% of its value. That means if $10 billion in stablecoins are in circulation, there must be $10 billion in reserves. Those reserves can only be held in:
- Physical U.S. currency
- U.S. Treasury bills
- Repurchase agreements (repo deals) with U.S. government securities
- Other low-risk assets approved by regulators
No risky stocks. No corporate bonds. No crypto. Just ultra-safe, liquid assets. And it gets stricter: every issuer must undergo regular audits by a registered public accounting firm. Those audits are made public. You can see exactly what’s in the reserve. No more hiding behind vague claims like “fully backed.”
Anti-Money Laundering and Consumer Protection Are Non-Negotiable
If you’re handling money, you’re subject to the Bank Secrecy Act. That means every stablecoin issuer must:
- Verify the identity of users (KYC)
- Report suspicious transactions
- Keep records for at least five years
- Prevent use by sanctioned individuals or entities
This isn’t optional. It’s baked into the law. And it’s not just about stopping criminals-it’s about protecting regular users. If your stablecoin issuer goes bankrupt or gets hacked, you have legal recourse. The law requires issuers to have clear redemption policies, dispute resolution processes, and insurance against operational failures.
Custody Rules: No Commingling, No Rehypothecation
Here’s where things get technical-but critical. The law says reserves must be kept separate from the issuer’s own money. No mixing. No using your stablecoin reserves to fund your other business ventures. That’s called commingling, and it’s banned.
Even more important: you can’t rehypothecate those reserves. That means you can’t lend out the U.S. Treasury bills backing your stablecoins to third parties for profit. There’s one exception: if you need to create liquidity to meet redemption requests, you can temporarily pledge Treasury bills in approved repurchase agreements-only through central clearinghouses and only with regulator approval.
And if you’re holding private keys for users? Only federally regulated entities can do that. No third-party crypto wallets unless they’re under banking supervision. This ends the era of “your keys, your coins” when it comes to payment stablecoins. If you want to use a stablecoin for daily payments, you’ll likely need to trust a regulated custodian.
The Stablecoin Certification Review Committee: The New Power Player
Behind the scenes, a new body has been created: the Stablecoin Certification Review Committee (SCRC). It’s chaired by the U.S. Treasury Secretary and includes the Fed Chair and the FDIC Chair. This committee doesn’t issue licenses-but it has the power to decide whether state-level rules are good enough.
If a state like Wyoming or New York tries to create its own stablecoin rules, the SCRC can say: “That’s substantially similar to federal standards.” Then, those state-issued stablecoins can operate nationwide. If not? They’re blocked. This is meant to prevent a patchwork of 50 different rules. But here’s the catch: state-issued stablecoins are still exempt from the federal framework. That means some could slip through the cracks.
Why This Matters for Everyday Users
For most people, this law won’t change much overnight. But over the next two years, you’ll start seeing real differences:
- Your paycheck might be paid in a U.S.-backed stablecoin instead of a wire transfer.
- Online marketplaces may start accepting stablecoins as payment, with instant settlement.
- Remittance services could drop fees dramatically, using stablecoins to send money across borders.
- Apps you use daily might integrate stablecoin wallets-like Apple Pay, but for crypto-backed dollars.
And if you’re worried about safety? You’re not alone. The law was designed to fix past failures. Remember when TerraUSD collapsed in 2022? Or when some stablecoins claimed to be backed by commercial paper and then couldn’t pay out? The GENIUS Act makes those scenarios impossible in the U.S. Now, if a stablecoin issuer can’t prove it has $1 in reserves for every $1 in circulation, it’s shut down.
What’s Still Unclear?
Even with this law, questions remain. Will state regulators push back? Will crypto-native companies find loopholes? Can the SCRC really enforce consistency across all 50 states?
One big gray area: what happens to stablecoins issued outside the U.S. but used domestically? The law doesn’t ban them outright. It just says U.S.-based issuers must follow the rules. So, if you’re using USDT or USDC, you’re probably fine-but only because those issuers restructured to comply. If a new stablecoin emerges from a non-compliant jurisdiction, you might be using it without knowing the risks.
Also, the law doesn’t cover algorithmic stablecoins (like the ones that use complex math to maintain value). Those are still banned. But what about future innovations? The law is written to be flexible, but it’s built on a 2025 understanding of technology. What if a new type of stablecoin emerges in 2028? Will regulators adapt-or will innovation be stifled?
Global Context: The U.S. Is Catching Up
The U.S. wasn’t first. Hong Kong passed its own stablecoin law in May 2025. The European Union has MiCA. Even the UAE and Singapore have clear rules. The GENIUS Act means the U.S. is no longer the outlier. It’s now part of the global standard.
That matters because the dollar is still the world’s reserve currency. If stablecoins become the new way to move money across borders-and if those stablecoins are backed by U.S. dollars-then the U.S. keeps its influence. This law isn’t just about regulation. It’s about power.
What’s Next?
The law takes effect on January 18, 2027, or 120 days after final rules are issued-whichever comes first. That gives companies 18 months to adapt. Banks are already hiring compliance officers. Wallet providers are upgrading their systems. Payment processors are testing integrations.
For consumers, the next few years will be quiet but transformative. You won’t see headlines every day. But slowly, quietly, the way you send money, pay bills, and shop online will change. Stablecoins won’t replace cash. But they’ll become a new layer of the financial system-faster, cheaper, and safer than anything we’ve had before.
Is the GENIUS Act only for U.S. citizens?
No. The GENIUS Act applies to any stablecoin issued within the United States or by any entity operating under U.S. jurisdiction. Non-U.S. residents can still use U.S.-regulated stablecoins for payments, investments, or remittances. But if you’re trying to issue a stablecoin from outside the U.S. and target American users, you’ll need to comply with U.S. rules-or your stablecoin won’t be allowed on U.S. exchanges or payment platforms.
Can I still use crypto wallets like MetaMask for stablecoins?
Yes, but with limits. The GENIUS Act explicitly excludes software and hardware providers that help users manage their own private keys. So if you use MetaMask, Trust Wallet, or Ledger to hold a U.S.-regulated stablecoin, you’re fine. But you can’t use those wallets to issue stablecoins or to interact with unregulated issuers that don’t meet federal reserve and audit requirements. Your wallet isn’t regulated-but the issuer is.
What happens if a stablecoin issuer goes bankrupt?
The law requires issuers to maintain segregated reserves and have insurance or contingency plans to ensure redemption. If an issuer fails, your stablecoins are backed by liquid assets held separately from the company’s other debts. Regulators will oversee the orderly liquidation of those assets to return funds to users. This is a major improvement over past failures where users lost money because reserves were mixed with company funds.
Are algorithmic stablecoins banned under the GENIUS Act?
Yes. The law defines payment stablecoins as those that are redeemable for a fixed amount of U.S. dollars and backed 1:1 by approved assets. Algorithmic stablecoins-those that rely on smart contracts, supply adjustments, or collateralized crypto assets to maintain price stability-are explicitly excluded. They’re considered too risky and not compliant with the 1:1 reserve requirement.
Will the GENIUS Act make stablecoins more expensive to use?
Initially, yes. Compliance costs, audits, reserve management, and KYC requirements will raise operating expenses for issuers. Some of those costs may be passed on to users in the form of small fees. But in the long run, competition among regulated issuers should drive fees down. The goal is to create a reliable, low-cost payment system-similar to how ACH transfers became cheap and widespread after regulation.
Can state governments issue their own stablecoins?
The GENIUS Act doesn’t stop states from issuing their own stablecoins. But it gives the federal Stablecoin Certification Review Committee the power to decide if those state rules are "substantially similar" to federal standards. If not, those state stablecoins won’t be allowed to operate across state lines. So while states can try, they’ll need to match federal requirements to gain nationwide access.
Does the GENIUS Act affect DeFi protocols?
Only indirectly. The law targets issuers of payment stablecoins-not decentralized protocols. So if you’re using a DeFi app to swap stablecoins or earn interest, you’re not breaking the law. But if the stablecoin you’re using isn’t issued by a federally approved entity, you’re using an unregulated asset. That means no legal recourse if the issuer fails. The law doesn’t ban DeFi, but it makes regulated stablecoins the safer choice.
